Amer Abdul-Razzaq
ุนุฑุจูŠ

Image credits

Photos from Wikimedia Commons and open sources; photographer and licence under every image.

  1. The Ziggurat of Ur, Dhi Qar. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  2. The Ziggurat of Ur in 2005. Photo: Hardnfast, licence CC BY 3.0, source.
  3. Game pieces from the Royal Cemetery at Ur, British Museum. Photo: Gary Todd, licence CC0, source.
  4. The Mask of Warka (about 3000 BCE), Iraq Museum. Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  5. Remains of the Eridu ziggurat. Photo: David Stanley, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  6. Statue attributed to Gudea, ruler of Lagash (about 2120 BCE), Louvre collection. Photo: Jean-Pol Grandmont, licence CC BY 3.0, source.
  7. Tell al-Hiba, the site of Lagash. Photo: David Stanley, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  8. Statue of Lupad, an official at Umma (about 2400 BCE), Louvre. Photo: Gary Todd, licence CC0, source.
  9. The Larsa ziggurat, Tell as-Senkereh. Photo: David Stanley, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  10. A tablet from Shuruppak listing professions (2600โ€“2500 BCE), Pergamon Museum. Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  11. The Nippur ziggurat from the south-west. Photo: Noรฉmi Alzayadi, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  12. Limestone head of a man, probably from Umm al-Aqarib (about 2400 BCE). Photo: Gary Todd, licence CC0, source.
  13. Roofing a reed mudhif, the marshes. Photo: Hassan Al-Jarrah, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  14. The Great Ziggurat of Ur (temple of the moon god Nanna) near Nasiriyah, built by Ur-Nammu around 2100 BCE. Photo: Michael Lubinski from Green Bay, WI, USA, licence CC BY-SA 2.0, source.
  15. The front facade of the Ziggurat of Ur with its three staircases, Nasiriyah. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  16. The stepped wall of the Ziggurat of Ur with the sun behind the summit, Nasiriyah. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  17. The Ziggurat of Ur and the remains of the Temple of Ningal beside it. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  18. The main staircase of the Ziggurat of Ur in the light of late afternoon. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  19. Foundations of residential and religious buildings at Ur, with the ziggurat on the horizon. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  20. Burial chambers of the Royal Cemetery at Ur (about 2600 BCE). Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  21. Rows of fired brick paving the floor of a building at Ur. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  22. The arched doorway of the E-dublamah temple at Ur. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  23. Sunset from the top of the Ziggurat of Ur. Photo: DVIDSHUB, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  24. The Ziggurat of Anu and the White Temple at Uruk. Photo: tobeytravels, licence CC BY-SA 2.0, source.
  25. Clay-cone mosaic from the facade of the temple of Inanna (Eanna) at Uruk, about 3200 BCE (ู†ุญูˆ 3200 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Dosseman, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  26. Columns of the Eanna precinct covered in clay cones, from Uruk (3600โ€“3200 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Neoclassicism Enthusiast, licence CC0, source.
  27. The Warka Vase, the oldest known carved religious scene, Iraq Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 3200 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  28. Detail of the top register of the Warka Vase: offerings presented to Inanna (ู†ุญูˆ 3200 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  29. The Ziggurat of Uruk (Warka) in a Library of Congress photograph (ู†ุญูˆ 1932). Photo: Matson Collection (Library of Congress), licence Public domain, source.
  30. Lion statue from Eridu, Iraq Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2500 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  31. Painted pottery vessel from Eridu (Tell Abu Shahrain), Iraq Museum (3500โ€“2800 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  32. Brick stamped with the name of Amar-Sin, Third Dynasty of Ur, from Eridu (ู†ุญูˆ 2040 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  33. Statue of Gudea, ruler of Lagash, from Tello (Girsu), Louvre Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2120 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Jastrow, licence Public domain, source.
  34. Votive stele of Gudea for the temple of Ningirsu, from Girsu, Istanbul Archaeology Museums (2144โ€“2124 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  35. Foundation text of Gudea for the temple of Ningirsu, from Girsu (ู†ุญูˆ 2100 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Daderot, licence CC0, source.
  36. Copper foundation figurines from the temple of Ningirsu at Girsu, reign of Gudea (ู†ุญูˆ 2150 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  37. Relief plaque from Tello (Girsu). Photo: Meskalam, licence CC BY 4.0, source.
  38. The Stele of the Vultures, victory of Eannatum of Lagash over Umma, Louvre Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2450 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Kikuyu3 and contributors (composite), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  39. The ruins of Lagash (Tell al-Hiba) in Dhi Qar Governorate. Photo: David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  40. Foundation nail inscribed with the name of Gudea, ruler of Lagash (ู†ุญูˆ 2140 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Unknown author, licence CC0, source.
  41. Tablet of the 'Lamentation over the Ruin of Lagash', from the reign of Urukagina (ู†ุญูˆ 2350 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Gary Todd, licence CC0, source.
  42. Statue of Entemena, ruler of Lagash, found at Ur, Iraq Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2400 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  43. Foundation peg from the temple of Nanshe at Sirara (Tell Zurghul), reign of Gudea (ู†ุญูˆ 2130 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  44. Stele of Ushumgal from Umma (Tell Jokha), Metropolitan Museum of Art (2900โ€“2700 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Metropolitan Museum of Art, licence CC0, source.
  45. Tablet of Ur-Lumma, king of Umma, son of Enakale (ู†ุญูˆ 2400 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Rama, licence CC BY-SA 3.0 fr, source.
  46. Cylinder of Nabonidus from the Sun Temple at Larsa, British Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 550 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  47. Frog from Larsa discovered by Loftus in the nineteenth century. Photo: The Trustees of the British Museum, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  48. Vase from Larsa, Louvre Museum. Photo: Marie-Lan Nguyen, licence Public domain, source.
  49. Clay rattle from Shuruppak (Tell Fara) (2500โ€“2350 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  50. Tablet accounting for the governor's silver, from Shuruppak (ู†ุญูˆ 2500 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Gavin.collins, licence Public domain, source.
  51. The Temple of Enlil (Ekur) at Nippur, Diwaniyah Governorate. Photo: David Stanley from Nanaimo, Canada, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  52. Ruins of a temple at Nippur (Nuffar). Photo: Jasmine N. Walthall, U.S. Army, licence Public domain, source.
  53. The Ziggurat of Nippur, crowned by the building the excavators erected. Photo: Noรฉmi Alzayadi, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  54. Interior gateway of the nineteenth-century expedition's shelter on top of the ziggurat. Photo: Noรฉmi Alzayadi, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  55. Excavation of the Temple of Enlil at Nippur, from the Hilprecht archive (ู†ุญูˆ 1900). Photo: Hilprecht, H. V. (Hermann Vollrat), 1859-1925, licence Public domain, source.
  56. The Sumerian Flood Tablet from Nippur, Penn Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 1600 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Onceinawhile (talk ยท contribs), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  57. The Queen's Lyre from the Royal Cemetery at Ur, British Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2500 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  58. The Ur bull-headed golden lyre, Penn Museum (2550โ€“2450 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Mary Harrsch, licence CC BY 2.0, source.
  59. The Standard of Ur, Peace Panel (banquet and procession), British Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2600 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  60. The Standard of Ur, War Panel, British Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2600 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Unknown author, licence Public domain, source.
  61. 'Ram in a Thicket' from the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Penn Museum (ู†ุญูˆ 2600 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Benjamin82877, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  62. Gold helmet of Meskalamdug from the Royal Cemetery at Ur (displayed replica) (ู†ุญูˆ 2500 ู‚.ู…). Photo: Akieboy, licence CC BY-SA 2.0, source.
  63. The Ziggurat of Ur before restoration, Matson Collection, Library of Congress (ู†ุญูˆ 1932). Photo: Matson Collection (Library of Congress), licence Public domain, source.
  64. The Ziggurat of Ur from the southeast, Matson Collection (ู†ุญูˆ 1932). Photo: Matson Collection (Library of Congress), licence Public domain, source.
  65. The Ziggurat of Ur from the northwest, with the excavations of the adjacent temple, Matson Collection (ู†ุญูˆ 1932). Photo: Matson Collection (Library of Congress), licence Public domain, source.
  66. A water buffalo in the Chibayish Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  67. A water buffalo and its herder in the Chibayish Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  68. A reed pen for water buffalo in the Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  69. Reeds and geese in the Chibayish Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  70. A reed mudhif in the Chibayish Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  71. Colourful mashoof boats of the Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  72. Morning stillness in the Chibayish Marshes. Photo: Alli Khalil, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  73. A mashoof among the reeds in the southern Marshes. Photo: Hassan Janali, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, licence Public domain, source.
  74. A water buffalo swimming in the marsh. Photo: Ahmedallebban, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  75. Interior of the Sumerian mudhif built of reeds. Photo: ุญูƒู…ุช ุงู„ุนูŠุงุดูŠ, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  76. A marsh mudhif at dusk. Photo: (Ahmed Abdul Amiralem) ุงุญู…ุฏ ุนุจุฏุงู„ุงู…ูŠุฑู„ุงุฒู…, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  77. Men in a boat on the river, Matson Collection (ู†ุญูˆ 1932). Photo: Matson Collection (Library of Congress), licence Public domain, source.
  78. Ancient Babylon (World Heritage since 2019) and its visitors (2016). Photo: MohammadHuzam, licence CC BY-SA 4.0, source.
  79. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  80. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  81. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  82. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  83. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  84. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  85. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  86. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  87. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission. Photo: Mohammed Al-Saeedi.
  88. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  89. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  90. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.
  91. From Mr. Amer Abdul-Razzaq's archive, published with his permission.